MTL - After Becoming a Taoist-~ Some data collected by writing a book
Five Flowers: The golden chrysanthemum is a metaphor for a woman who sells tea. Kapok is a metaphor for a man who takes to the streets to heal people. The daffodil is a metaphor for the singer in the restaurant. Pyracantha is a metaphor for a juggler. The soil buffalo is a metaphor for some porters.
Eight Doors: A Golden "Golden Point" is the general term for the fortune-telling of all corners of the world artists. There are dumb gold, gnawing gold, suffocating gold, bag gold, Lao Zhouer and so on.
Ermenpi "pi" line is a general term for selling medicines. This line is also called "picking the man". According to the different medicines they sell, they are respectively called: pick a man, pick a man, pick a stove, pick a man, pick a firewood and hang a man, pick a general, pick a grain, pick a smoker, and so on.
Sanmen Cai "Cai" is Cai Lizi. Those who perform tricks are called "Cai Lizi" and those who perform foreign tricks are called "Setang Lizi".
Simen are hanging in the market and temple fairs to practice their skills and perform tricks. People in the rivers and lakes ridiculed them and called them "Hangzixing". Divided into: branch, pull, poke, point, point, fishy and so on.
Five doors commenting on storytelling. The one who sings the big drum book is called "the one who makes the long guy" and the one who talks about the storytelling is called "the one who makes the short guy".
Six gate groups talk about cross talk. People in the rivers and lakes call the joker who talks about cross talk "Tuanchun".
The seven-door awning is tied with paper. Paper tie, also known as paper tie, paste paper, color paste, integrates paper-cutting, painting, straw weaving, bamboo tie, and pasting. Purchase and burn it for the deceased during a funeral at home. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was also said to buy opium drugs.
Bamen Liu sings drums. Jianghu people call this line of drum singing "Liu Haihong". There are Fengtian tune, Leting tune, Xihe tune, plum blossom tune, pear blossom tune and so on.
Time: Sui Dynasty perished, Tang Dynasty newly established, Wude two years, three years.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the land-equalization system was implemented, and Ding Nan and Zhong Nan were assigned to divide the fields and Sang Ma fields. The planting of mulberry (or hemp) is supervised and implemented by grass-roots organizations. And according to the regulations, we pay taxes such as "rent and tune" to the state. Every ding has to pay two stones of corn to the state every year, which is called "rent"; "; accepting silk on behalf of the service is "yong" [3]. Harmony is basically textiles and raw materials. According to statistics: in Tianbao, the national tax revenue, including rent, land tax, household tax, "annual calculation of millet is more than 25 million shi, cloth and silk is more than 25 million tutu, and money is more than 2 million. .” [4].
The origin of pepper is in India, and it was introduced to my country in the Tang Dynasty.
Spinach originated in Iran and was introduced to my country in the Tang Dynasty.
northern millet, wheat, southern rice.
Sorghum.
Tang law expressly stipulates that one year to kill one's own cattle and horses. If the owner kills his own horse or cattle, he has to serve a year of hard labor, which means that the state prohibits the killing of these two kinds of large livestock, and of course, it is forbidden to eat beef.
So, what kind of meat did people in the Tang Dynasty eat most often? Not pork, but lamb.
From the Tang Dynasty princes down to the second-rank officials, they provided twenty sheep and 60 catties of pork each month, the third-rank officials only gave twelve sheep each month, and the fourth-rank and fifth-rank officials gave nine sheep each month. Don't give pork, it can be seen that mutton was much more popular than pork at that time. Lamb has a strong smell of mutton, so the seasoning of "pepper" that can remove the mutton is particularly valued. This stuff is imported from the Western Regions and South Asia. In addition to pigs, sheep and cattle, people in the Tang Dynasty also ate donkey meat, dog meat, and some wild animal meat from time to time.
But there is another problem. For example, when you go out hunting with some friends, you are busy for a long time, knocking down a big wild boar, looking for firewood to make a fire, peeling the skin and cutting the meat, barbecue in the field, a few good friends, and then wild boar. There is still a lot of pork left! Even if you ask the next person to carry it home, you can't finish the meal. What if it's broken? In the same way, there will be a lot of meat that can’t be eaten on a large scale before the Chinese New Year.
At this time, it is necessary to use scientific and technological means - artificial preservatives and other weak explosions. The ancients used various seasonings such as salt, vinegar, wine, peppercorns, and air-drying, drying, fermentation and other production techniques to make preserved meat and wax. , Vinegar, Scallop and other pure natural, pollution-free foods with a long shelf life, and they are delicious.
The Law of the Tang Dynasty: What are the four main legal forms of the Tang Dynasty?
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2019-02-01
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The main legal forms of the Tang Dynasty were law, decree, format, and form, which constituted the whole of the legislation in the early Tang Dynasty, and they dealt with all aspects of the country's social life.
(1) Law
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "The law is based on a correct punishment to convict a crime", mainly the legal provisions of criminal suppression, including the norms of civil law, marriage law and procedural law. of all aspects. As the basic code of the country, the law has greater stability and certainty.
(2) Order
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "Orders set norms and establish systems", which are the relevant provisions of the state's organizational system, covering a relatively wide range. Generally, it focuses on related affairs in a certain field, such as household orders, prison officer orders, etc.
(three) grid
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "Ge to prohibit violations and prevent evil" is a compilation of various one-line edicts and instructions issued by the emperor temporarily. It is mainly formulated by the emperor for a certain matter. important source of statutes.
(four)
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "Forms follow the rules and procedures" are the official document procedures of state organs and the detailed rules of administrative activities, and have the nature of administrative regulations.
The various legal forms created in the Tang Dynasty marked the systematization and thoroughness of our feudal legal system. The rulers brought all aspects of social relations into the scope of legal adjustment through the four legal forms of law, order, format and form. What are the four main legal forms of the Tang Dynasty?
1 person answered
Ebook Technology
2019-02-01
Committed to book publishing, film and television IP
Follow Thank you for your attention
The main legal forms of the Tang Dynasty were law, decree, format, and form, which constituted the whole of the legislation in the early Tang Dynasty, and they dealt with all aspects of the country's social life.
(1) Law
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "The law is based on a correct punishment to convict a crime", mainly the legal provisions of criminal suppression, including the norms of civil law, marriage law and procedural law. of all aspects. As the basic code of the country, the law has greater stability and certainty.
(2) Order
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "Orders set norms and establish systems", which are the relevant provisions of the state's organizational system, covering a relatively wide range. Generally, it focuses on related affairs in a certain field, such as household orders, prison officer orders, etc.
(three) grid
According to the interpretation of "Tang Liu Dian": "Ge to prohibit violations and prevent evil" is a compilation of various one-line edicts and instructions issued by the emperor temporarily. It is mainly formulated by the emperor for a certain matter. important source of statutes. 4, formula - is the official document program of state organs
, Contents of the Twelve Chapters of Tang Law
1. Title 1: Article 57, which is the general principle of the types of penalties and their application. It is the general outline of "Tang Lu Shu Yi", which is equivalent to the general principles of modern criminal law.
Five punishments—namely, slaughter, rod, apprenticeship, revolt, and death.
Ten evils - rebellion, rebellion, great rebellion, vicious rebellion, immorality, great disrespect, unfilial piety, discord, injustice, and civil strife.
Eight discussions, invitation, reduction, redemption, official position, and exemption—the legal privileges of bureaucrats at all levels.
Principles of Criminal Law—Dividing public and private crimes; voluntary surrender to reduce or exempt punishment; accomplices to distinguish between leaders and subordinates; if two or more crimes are committed, the serious one is considered; repeat offenders increase; different punishments for the same crime; distinguish between intentional and negligent.
2. The second part of the Guarding Prohibition: 33 articles, mainly the regulations on guarding the palace and guarding the Guanjin fortress.
3. Title 3: 59 articles, mainly to punish officials who violate the law and neglect their duties.
4. Title 4 Household Marriage: 46 articles, mainly the regulations on household registration, land and house, servitude and marriage and family.
Strictly protect the ownership of feudal state-owned land and private land
It is strictly forbidden to escape from the household and escape
Maintain the feudal marriage and family relationship--divorce is conditional on seven births and absolute righteousness; the inheritance of property adopts the system of equal division among the sons, and the right of inheritance of aristocratic status belongs only to the eldest descendants.
5. Section 5 Stables: Article 28, which is about the management of livestock and warehouses.
6. Chapter 6: 24 articles, mainly on the stipulations of the recruitment of soldiers, the mobilization of troops and the construction.
7. Chapter 7 Thieves: Article 54, which is about protecting the political interests of the feudal regime and the landlord class, as well as life and property from being violated.
Severely punish acts that endanger the feudal regime and the emperor's privileges with the crime of treason, treason, and treason.
Severely punish crimes that endanger life safety.
has made clear provisions on the crime of theft - theft, robbery, prison guard
Prohibition of buying and selling people
8. Title VIII, Litigation: Article 60, which is about stipulations on fights and injuries, accusations, and appeals.
9, Title IX Fraud: Article 27, which is about fraud and forgery.
10. The Tenth Miscellaneous Laws: Article 62. The crimes that cannot be included in other chapters are included in this chapter, including the crimes of buying and selling, lending, market management, and adultery.
11. Chapter 11: Arrest of Death: Article 18 is about the stipulations on the pursuit of fugitives, criminals and fugitives.
12. Title 12, Prison Break: Article 34, which is about judicial adjudication and prison management.
, the judicial system of the Tang Dynasty
1. Judiciary
(1) Central judicial organs - Dali Temple, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Censor's Desk.
(2) Judges of the three divisions - a system in which major cases are jointly tried by the chiefs of the Dali Temple, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Censor.
(3) The local judicial organ - the chief executive also administers the judiciary.
2. Litigation system
(1) Jurisdiction - The jurisdiction of judicial organs at all levels is divided according to the area where the crime occurred, the severity of the crime, and the identity of the defendant.
(2) Prosecution -- impeachment, inform, tell
(3) Trial - subject to the plaintiff's complaint; adopt a five-hearing trial method, and at the same time convict by public evidence; \'guilt is determined by confession\', but arbitrary torture is prohibited; recusal system is stipulated; judicial judges must be judged\' There are citations, orders, formats, and forms\';\'defences\'; judicial judges shall not arbitrarily make judgments on cases that should be \'said\' or \'to be reported\'.
(4) Execution--The prisoner should be sent to the prison, and the execution of the death sentence must be reported to the emperor for approval.
3. Supervision of judicial activities by supervisory organs
The main task of the Censor Desk is to supervise whether officials at all levels of the country abide by the law. It consists of the Taiyuan, Temple, and Chayuan. The censors of the Taiyuan and Dianyuan mainly picket officials at all levels in the central and capital cities; the censors of the censors inspect the prefectures and counties, and picket the illegal and dereliction of duty of local officials.
) ruled by virtue and etiquette, and paid attention to education. It is believed that since ancient times, if the world is governed by benevolence and righteousness, the country will be in long-term stability; but if the rule of law is used to remedy the evil for a while, the country will soon collapse. (2) Strengthen legislation and strive for leniency. Soon after he ascended the throne, he ordered the minister to revise the code. The Law of Wude was promulgated in the seventh year of Wude, and the Law of Zhenguan was promulgated in the eleventh year of Zhenguan. In the process of cultivating the law, the complicated is simplified, and the heavy is taken lightly. (3) Mingzheng rewards and punishments, no distinction between noble and lowly. He believes that the gains and losses of reward and punishment are related to the safety of the country. It must be done \'break in accordance with the law\'. Li Shimin paid special attention to restraining his emotions, took the lead in abiding by the law, and avoided replacing the law with his own subjective will. (4) Strengthen review and control the death penalty. In the first year of Zhenguan, the central authority's collegiality on death sentences was implemented, and the system of \'Jiuqing's discussion of punishment\' in the history of feudal law was first created.
) advocates the convergence of Confucianism and law. Based on the Confucian classics and guided by the Confucian feudal Gangchang thought, he made sparse suggestions on the provisions of Tang's laws and completed the process of Confucianization of the feudal code. (2) Advocating the maintenance of the feudal hierarchical privilege system. Explain the privilege protection system stipulated in Tang law. . (3) Advocating punishment for the crime. It is advocated that officials judge cases strictly in accordance with the law, so that punishment should be punished. (4) Advocate for the rectification of officials. In the legal discussion, it is emphasized that officials should \'guide morality and etiquette, and change customs and customs\'. All acts of corruption and perversion of the law must be investigated for criminal responsibility and punished on the basis of the crime; and officials with supervisory responsibilities who commit crimes within their duties must be punished more severely.
According to the Chinese historical materials "Youyang Zazu", "Lingbiaoluyi", "Zhufan Zhi", "Lingwai Reply" and *** historical materials "Medicinal Herbs" (Traitedessimples), "Medicinal Herbs" According to the records of Histoirenaturelle, Cathayandthewaythither, and Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, the number of Arab agricultural varieties imported into China during the Tang and Song Dynasties was numerous and varied. [[2]] In the Tang Dynasty, Duan Chengshi kept a large number of new agricultural varieties introduced and introduced from Arabia in the Tang Dynasty in his book Youyang Zazu, which has high scientific value in the history of Chinese agriculture. The American Oriental scholar B. Laufer in the book "China Iran Edition" (sino-Iranica) gave a high evaluation of the agronomic value of "Youyang Zazu". He said: "Duan Chengshi's Youyang Zazu, written about 860 AD, provides a lot of useful material on Persian and Fulin plants."[3] During the Southern Song Dynasty, In Zhao Rushi's "Zhufan Zhi", he also recorded a larger number of new agricultural varieties introduced from Arabia. These new varieties have a wide variety and are widely distributed in China, and most of them later became an important part of my country's agricultural economic varieties. According to the relevant records of Chinese historical materials and Chinese historical materials, the input of some new agricultural varieties is listed as follows:
The Chinese translation of the Persian agozvan of pistachio is a tree or shrub of the Anacardiaceae family, there are about six species, native to Iran and western Asia. It was introduced to China by the Arabs during the Tang Dynasty. The fruit of pistachio is a common food in Persia and Central Asia. "Youyang Miscellaneous Zu" says: "Hu Zhenzi and A Yue were born in the Western country, and the Fan people said that Hu Zhenzi and Hu Zhenzi are in the same tree, one year Hazel, and two years A Yue." [[4]] "Compendium of Materia Medica" also said: "Ah Pistachio has a pungent and warm smell, clear and non-toxic. It treats dysentery, removes air-conditioning, and makes people fat and healthy.” [[5]]
Gourd coriander, also known as coriander, the Chinese translation of the Persian gosniz, originated in western Asia, Persia and Egypt, and was introduced to China by the Arabs in the Tang Dynasty. Mengxi's "Medicinal Herbal Medicine" and Chen Zangqi's "Material Herbal Supplements" made detailed records on the properties, growth cycle, and hydrological environment of this plant.
The Chinese translation of pepper Persian pilpil and Arabic filfil, mainly produced in Persia, Arabia, Africa, India and Southeast Asia, and introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. "Youyang Miscellaneous Zu" says: "Pepper, out of the country of Magadha, is called ignorant. Its leaves open in the morning and close in the evening, and when they are combined, the seeds are wrapped in the leaves, and the seeds are shaped like Han peppers, and are very spicy.
Huihui onion originated in Persia and Central Asia. After it was introduced to China, it was first seen in Sun Simiao's "Qianjin Shizhi" in the Tang Dynasty, called "scallion". The "Kaibao Materia Medica" of the Song Dynasty called it "garlic onion" or "scallion".
The Chinese translation of the Persian birzai, also known as white rosin, is native to Syria and Persia. This plant was only known to China in the Tang Dynasty. "Youyang Miscellaneous Zu" says: "Hide Qi, go out of the Persian country, and call him Ganbo Lita. It is more than one zhang long and about one chi. The leaves are born at the ends of the strips and have no flowers. People in the Western Regions often cut them in August, and in the twelfth month, the salary strips are even more luxuriant. If they are not cut off, they will die. In July, the branches are broken, and there is yellow juice, which looks like a Honey, with a slight aroma, is used as medicine to treat diseases.” [[7]]
The Chinese translation of the Persian muzak of Wushizi, which originated in Persia, Armenia, Syria and Asia Minor, and was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. Angustifolia seeds contain 70% tannins, which were used in ancient times for medicine, craftsmanship and tanning and tanning. "Youyang Zazu" says: "Without stones, out of the Persian country, Persia is called a thief. The tree is six or seven feet long, eight or nine feet in circumference, and the leaves are like peach leaves. It blooms in March, white, and the center of the flower is reddish. Ziyuan is like a pellet, green at the beginning, and turns yellow and white when it is cooked. Those who eat the worms and have a hole are just ripe, and those with no holes in the skin are used for medicinal purposes.” [[8]]
Badanren originated in Persia and was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, named "Podan". "Youyang Miscellaneous Zu" says: "Partial peach, from the Persian country, the Persian country is called the Potam tree. It is five or six feet long and four or five feet in circumference. The leaves are like peach and broad, blooming in March, white. The flowers fall and bear fruit. Its shape is like a peach and its shape is partial, and Hu calls it partial peach. Its flesh is bitter and astringent, and its kernel is sweet and sweet, and all countries in the Western Regions treasure it.” [[9]]
Persian jujube originated in Persia and was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Persian xurman, Duan Chengshi was translated as "Kumang", and in Song Dynasty it was translated as "Hemang". "Youyang Zazu" states that Persian jujube "the tree is three or four feet long, five or six feet in circumference, and the leaves are like soil vines. It does not wither. In February, it blooms like a banana flower, with two armors. It gradually opens, and there are ten Yufang, the seed is two inches long, yellowish-white, with pits, black when cooked, like dried jujubes, sweet as candy, edible." [[10]] "Lingbiao Yilu" records: "There is a Persian jujube in Guangzhou. The tree has no side branches, towering three or four feet straight, to the top and four directions, with more than ten branches, the leaves are like palms, the natives call it sea palm trees, and they grow every three to five years, each about thirty or twenty. , are similar to the northern green jujube, but small ears.” [[11]]
Dill is the Chinese translation of the Persian zira, which originated in Persia, also known as fennel, caraway, and was introduced to China by land and sea in the Tang and Song dynasties. Chen Zangqi's "Compendium of Materia Medica" said that dill came out of Buddhism, and Li Xun's "Hai Yao Materia Medica" said that dill came out of Malaya and Persia. In the Song Dynasty, Su Song's "Book of Sketches" recorded that this plant has grown in Lingnan, my country.
The Chinese translation of the Persian zeitun, namely olive, originated in Persia and Syria, and was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. "Youyang Zazu" says: "Qidun tree, from Persian country, also from Fulin country... The tree is two or three feet long, the skin is green and white, the flowers are like pomelo, very fragrant. The seeds are like carambola, ripe in May, people from the Western Regions Press it into oil to cook cakes and fruits, just like China uses Jusheng.” [[12]]
The Chinese translation of the Syriac apursama, which originated in southern Arabia, was transplanted to Palestine, and was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. "Youyang Miscellaneous Zu" says: "Abo Shen, from the Folin country, grows more than one zhang, the skin is blue and white, the leaves are thin, and the two are opposite. The flowers are like vines, and they are yellow. The twigs, whose juice is like oil, are used to coat scabies, and all those who do not suffer from scabies, the oil is extremely expensive, and its price is heavier than gold.” [[13]]
Aloe Vera is the Chinese translation of the Arabic alua or alwa, which is a specialty of Africa, especially Socotra, which was introduced to China by the Persians and Arabs in the Tang Dynasty. Li Xun said: "Aloe vera is born in Persia, it looks like black tin, and it is resin." [[14]] "Zhu Fan Zhi" said: "Aloe vera came out of the big food slaves and originated in the country. It is also a grass. Its shape is like the tail of a fish. The natives picked it and pounded it with jade, and boiled it to make a paste, which was placed in various leather bags. Among them, it is called aloe vera.” [[15]]
Henna, also known as Henna, the Chinese translation of Arabic hinna, originated in Persia and was introduced to China in the Song Dynasty. Duan Highway's "Beijing Hulu" says: "Henna, fine white and extremely fragrant, is planted by the people of today, but the name is not specified. Also, the Yeximei flower and the Baimoli flower are all transplanted from Persia in the mid-summer period." [[ 16]] In the Song Dynasty, the Arabs used this flower to make nail dyes, and the "Sequel to Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge" said: "The red impatiens are mashed with leaves, put in a little alum, first wash the nails, and then use this to add nails. Above, wrap it with a piece of silk and fix it overnight. The dyeing is light at first, and dyeing three or five times in a row, its color is like a rouge, and it will not go away after washing. It can go through ten days until the armour is removed, and then it will gradually go away. Or it is also the method of guarding the palace. , not too. Today, Hui women are more fond of this, or they may dye their hands and mix cats and dogs as a play.” [[17]]
The Chinese translation of the Awei Persian language angnyan, native to Persia and the eastern coast of the Wuhu River, the Astra Sea and the Caspian Sea. It can be used as a vegetable, condiment and medicine to help digestion, strengthen the stomach, and cure red skin. Its root is one of the spices used in "Huihui Tea Rice". [[18]] Chinese history books "Sui Shu", "Old Tang Shu", "Youyang Zazu" and "Zhu Fan Zhi" all contain this plant.
The Chinese translation of the Arabic huluba of fenugreek, native to Persia, the Mesopotamian desert and West Asia, wild, used for medicinal purposes, and introduced to the southern provinces of China during the Song Dynasty. Zhang Yuxi's "Materia Medica" records that this plant has been successfully planted in Guangdong and Guizhou. The "Book of Sketches" says: "Today out of Guangzhou, or the cloud seeds out of Hainan Zhufan, the ship passengers will plant the seeds outside the mountains, and they will also grow, but they are not as good as those who come from Fanzhong." [[19]]
The Chinese translation of the Arabic yabruh or abruh, which originated in western Asia and was introduced to China by the Arabs. First seen in Song Zhoumi's "Sequel to Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge", it is called Datura flower, Solanaceae, an annual poisonous herb, blooming in summer and autumn, and the corolla is funnel-shaped and white. In the Song Dynasty, Chinese traditional Chinese medicine had used Yibuhua to treat cough, asthma, stomach pain and other diseases. [[20]]
The Chinese translation of the Borodian Sanskrit bhallataka, the Persian baladur and the Arabic beladur, which originated in India, the Nanyang Islands, the Philippines and northern Australia, and were introduced to China by sea in the Song Dynasty. "The tree is like the Chinese willow tree, and the seed is like castor bean, which is rarely used by the Fang family." The fruit of this tree is used to make ink and dye hair, and the peel can be used to dye cotton. [[21]]
Judging from the various agricultural historical materials preserved in this period, the new agricultural varieties introduced by the Arabs and imported into my country during the Tang and Song Dynasties covered almost all fields of overseas agricultural types, especially economic crops and practical crops. for more. These new agricultural varieties not only increase the types of crops, horticultural flowers and handicraft products in my country, but also promote the development of agriculture, horticulture, craft manufacturing and medicine, and are of great significance in the social and economic development of ancient China. Because some new varieties have multiple uses, they soon settled down in my country and became a necessity in my country's agricultural production, which had a great impact on the changes in my country's food structure. American Orientalist B.Laufer spoke highly of China's move, saying: "The Chinese people's economic policy is far-sighted, adopting many useful foreign plants for their own use, and incorporating them into It is worthy of our country's admiration to go to our own complete agricultural system." [[22]]
2. Introduction and introduction of precious medicinal materials
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the exchanges between China and Arabia in medicine were also very close. As the focus of my country's foreign medical exchanges gradually shifted from India to Arabia in the Tang Dynasty, many precious varieties of Arabian medicinal materials were also introduced to my country with the arrival of Hui people. . [[23]] Judging from the records of Chinese historical materials, the medicinal materials industry imported into my country during this period included green salt, stone sulfur, and mituo monks, etc.; plants included frankincense, myrrh, agarwood, wood incense, and Amomum , Heli Le, aloe vera, amber, black incense, Diyejia, psoralen, longi, styrax, etc.; animals include ivory, umbilical cord, bezoar, rhino horn, dog treasure and so on. According to Mr. Song Xian's research, Duan Chengshi recorded the medicinal names of dozens of animals and plants in the book "Youyang Zazu", and described their properties in a very specific manner. academic. [[24]] During the Song and Song Dynasties, the Arab medical system was fully formed. During this period, the varieties of medicinal materials imported into my country were not only large in quantity, but also various in variety; there were medicinal materials from other countries as well as medicinal materials from other regions. Li Xun, a descendant of the Persian ***, wrote the first most valuable introduction and study of herbal medicine introduced from Arabia to my country in ancient China - "Hai Yao Materia Medica", indicating the origin of 96 kinds of overseas medicinal materials, such as benzoin, Helicobacter Reined out of Persia, Dipterocarp from the Kingdom of Law, Gold Chips out of Dashi Kingdom, Papaya out of Annan, etc. [[25]] The increase in the variety of Arabian medicinal materials has aroused the Chinese people's attention to Arabian prescriptions. Many medicinal materials imported from Arabia were added to the medical works "Newly Revised Materia Medica", "Supplements to Materia Medica", "Dietary Materia Medica", "Hu Materia Medica" and "Revisiting Zheng He Jing Shi Zheng Class Alternative Materia Medica" that appeared in the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the relevant records in the Chinese historical materials "Huihui Herbal Prescriptions", "The Great Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine" and the national historical materials "Medical Classics Tongdian" (Kanunfitibb) and "Medicinal Herbs" (Traitedessimples), the varieties of medicinal materials imported by the Arab people into China at that time, There are:
Qinglanggan Qinglanggan, also known as haugu stone, is the Chinese translation of Malay rongkol. It is native to the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and Luzon. It is a rock formed by tropical marine plants and corals and is used as a medicinal material. The Tang Dynasty was introduced into China in large quantities. "Xinxiu Materia Medica" said: "Qinglanggan, tastes acrid and flat, non-toxic. It is mainly used for body itching, large sores and carbuncle injuries, white bald scabies, and dead muscles soaked in the skin. ... This stone is also useless today, only for treatment. The hands and feet are against the body, and the transformation of elixir has never been seen before.” [[26]]
The Chinese translation of the Arabic lushai, produced in Persia, Arabia, Africa and Southeast Asia volcanic distribution areas, its main ingredients are ammonia, salty taste, used in medicinal materials and industry. "Xin Xiu Materia Medica" said: "Naosha, salty, bitter, pungent and warm, poisonous, not suitable for long-term use. It is mainly used for accumulation, breaking blood, rotten fetus, relieving pain, lowering qi, treating cough and cold, removing evil meat, producing Good muscle, gold and silver, can be used as sweat medicine, out of Xirong.” [[27]]
Hutonglei is the Chinese translation of the Persian hutunlei, which is produced in Persia, Africa, Southeast Asia and the southeastern coast of my country. It is a crystal of Populus euphratica resin and is often used in medicinal materials. The Tang Dynasty was introduced into China in large quantities. "Ling Biao Lu Yi" contains: "Hu Tong Lei, from the Persian country, is also a resin, named Hu Tong Lei." [[28]] "Xinxiu Materia Medica" also contains: "Hu Tong Lei, tastes salty, Bitterness, severe cold, non-toxic. Mainly poisonous, burning hearts and hearts full of vexation, water and kimono to take and vomit. In addition, it is instructed that cattle and horses are yellowing, and horses are black sweat, and they are poured into two or three liang. It is also used as a medicine for gold and silver sweat. ]]
Green salt is copper sulfate ore, which is called zingar by Persians and zinjar by Arabs. It is produced all over the world, especially in Central Asia. It is mainly used to treat eye diseases. The Tang Dynasty was introduced into China by the Daqin and the Arabs. "Sea Medicine Materia Medica" says: Green salt comes out of the Persian country, grows on the stone, and will ship in the future, it is called stone green, and its color will not change for a long time. The dialect of the dialect says that Persian green is salty and green, and it is true that it is dry but not wet in the rain. [[30]] "Xinxiu Materia Medica" said: "Green salt, salty, bitter, pungent, flat, non-toxic, mainly red eyes, dark skin. It is a block, green. The real one is from the country of Yanqi. It is taken from the middle water, and the shape is like flat green and empty green, which is the essence of eye medicine.” [[31]]
Coral Persian xuruhak Chinese translation, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf all produced coral in ancient times, which can be used as medicinal materials and decorations. Su Gong said: Coral grew in the South China Sea, and came from Persia and Shizi. Kou Zongshi said: There are coral reefs in the Persian sea. Seamen ride large ships and fall into the bottom of the iron net to retrieve them. On the rock born of coral, it is as white as fungi. One year old and yellow, two years old also. The branches are staggered, three or four feet high. When people have no water, they use iron to send their roots, tie them to nets, and twist them out. If you miss the time and don't take it, you will be rotten. [[32]] There are many records in ancient Chinese historical books such as "The Name of Translation", "Foreign Biography", and "Shu Yi Ji".
Amber is the Chinese translation of the Persian kahruba, which is produced in Persia and other countries and can be used as medicinal materials. Al-Kitabal-tanimin 'ahbaras-sinwal'-hind: "Amber grows on the seabed and looks like a plant. When the sea roars and the waves are raging, the amber is thrown from the seabed to the island. Like mushrooms, and like truffles." [33] Amber was introduced to China as a high-grade tribute in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and a large number of records of this aspect have been preserved in Chinese historical records. In the 972nd volume of the "Chefu Yuangui", in September of the sixth year of the Dali calendar (771) of the Tang Dynasty, "the Persian state sent an envoy to present pearls, amber, etc." [[34]] "Song History" volume 490 also Set, Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu for the fourth year, "the big food sent the drago away into the amber". [[35]]
During the Song and Song Dynasties, spices and medicines from Arabia and Africa and even further afield were also imported into my country in large quantities with the arrival of the Arab peoples. According to the records of "Song History", "Changbian" and "Song Huiyao Compilation", from the first year of Emperor Yongxi's reign of Song Taizong (984) to the fourth year of Qiandao of Song Xiaozong (1168), the great food Murbat, Shi Er (Shihr), Nufa (Zufar), Khwarizm (Khwarizm), Ghazni (Ghazni), Almoravide (Almoravide), Ifrikya (Ifrikya) and other countries' leading merchants, imported spices and medicines into our country. There are white borneol, rose water, amber, fragrant medicine, dragon salt, sputum navel, schisandra, nameless, millennium jujube, etc. Ibn Khrdadhbh's "Kitabal-masalikWa'l-Mamalik" also records the agarwood, sandalwood, camphor, macafur, nutmeg imported from India to China by the Arabs , cloves, red beans, spices, Bicheng eggplant and other things. [[36]] In the Song Dynasty's "Kaibao Materia Medica", "Jiayou Materia Medica", "Graphic Classic Materia Medica", and "Zheng Lei Materia Medica", there are many spices and medicines imported from overseas by the Arab people, the more famous ones are:
The Chinese translation of frankincense Arabic luban is recorded in many ancient Chinese historical records. "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "Frankincense, one of Lu Xiang, came out of the great food in the deep mountains and poor valleys of the three kingdoms of Marabha, Shi Ho, and Nufa. ... The great food is carried by boats to trade other goods in the three Buddhas... Fan When commerce and trade arrive, the shipping company regards the amount of incense as the most important.” [37] These three countries are all located on the southeastern coast of what is now the Arabian Peninsula, and they were famous for producing frankincense in ancient times. According to research by Birth, Rockhill and Bent, Dashi frankincense is mainly produced in Murbat, Shihr, Siraf, Harmuz, etc. This can be corroborated with the records in "Zhu Fan Zhi". [[38]]
Muxiang is called kustha in Sanskrit, and kust in Persian and Arabic. According to Laufer's research, wood incense is mainly produced in Dashi, India and Syria, which is consistent with the records in Chinese historical records. [[39]] "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "Muxiang comes out of the country of food Ma Luomo, as well as Shi Huo and Nufa. The tree is like a Chinese loofah, the root is taken from the winter moon, and the weed is one or two inches long. Dry, the shape is like chicken bone." "Map Classic Materia Medica" said: "Muxiang grows in Yongchang Valley, but now it is only imported from Guangzhou. The root is a large type of eggplant, the leaves are like sheep's hoofs and grow up, and the flowers are like chrysanthemums. It is black and yellow, and it is like a potato with purple flowers, regardless of the time and month, the roots and buds are harvested as leaves, and those whose shape is like a dry bone are good.” [[40]]
Chinese translation of clove Arabic or Persian gomode, mainly produced in Dashi, Persia, Sanfoqi and Xilan, ancient Chinese historical books "Materia Medica Supplements", "Mengxi Bi Tan", "Translation Name Collection", "Fayuan Pearl" There are many records, such as "Lin" and "Answers from Outside the Ridge". "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "Cloves come out of Dashi and Chapo countries. They look like T-shaped characters, so they are named after them. If they can open their breath, Langguan Jui is used to play things. The bigger ones are called clove mothers. That is, the fragrance of chicken tongue. It is also called the fragrance of chicken tongue, and the jujube is real for thousands of years.” [[41]]
The Chinese translation of Benzoin, Persian mukul and Arabic aflatoon, originated in the ancient Parthian Kingdom, Qiuci Kingdom, Cao Kingdom, Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian Plateau in Central Asia. It was named after the Tang and Song Dynasties. "Youyang Zazu" records that benzoin was exported to Persia and used as a medicinal material. [[42]] "Xinxiu Materia Medica" says: "Benzoin is spicy, fragrant, flat, and non-toxic. It is the main confidant of evil spirits. Xirong is like turpentine, with yellow and black blocks, and the new ones are also flexible." [[43] ]
Chinese translation of myrrh Arabic murr or Persian mor. This is the most important spice and ointment in the ancient West. It is most famous in Persia, Arabia and Northeast Africa. The taste is strong and bitter. "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "Myrrh came out of the country of Da Shi Ma La Mo. The tree is tall, like a Chinese pine, with a skin thickness of one or two inches. When harvesting, first use an ax to cut its skin, and the fat is thick. It overflows in the middle of the ridge, and it is taken for more than ten days." "Zhenghe Zheng Class Materia Medica" also contains, "Myrrh was born in the Persian country, and today's Hainan and Guangzhou may have it."[44] According to Laufer (Lafer) Research, the name of myrrh began in the Song Dynasty, mainly produced in Dashi and East Africa. Myrrh in Song Dynasty documents was mainly imported into China by the Arabs. [[45]]
The Chinese translation of katir, the Arabic word for blood, is best produced in the Arabian Sea of Socotra. "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "The blood scorpion also comes out of the country of food. Its tree is slightly the same as myrrh, but the leaves are different, so it is the same. If there is a glitter like a mirror, it is the old resin that overflows by itself, and it is not wrong. Axe chisel, this is the top grade. The wood chips are inserted into it, it is the fat of real fragrance, commonly known as fake blood jie." [[46]] "The Book of Sketches" also records: "Now it is out of the southern countries and Guangzhou. It is several feet tall, and the mother-in-law is lovely. The leaves are like cherries and have triangular shapes. The fat liquid flows out of the wood and drips like a caramel. After a long time, it hardens and solidifies into a jelly. [[47]] The fake blood stalks here are produced by red vines in Sumatra, Maguru Islands and other places, and the quality is inferior.
The Chinese translation of the Sanskrit sturuka of Sioux sesame oil is mainly produced in Bagdag, Ghazni, Berbera, Murbat and Daqin. One of the earliest known fragrant incense, there are many records in the ancient Chinese historical books "Continued Han Shu", "Liang Shu", "The Book of Sketches" and "Famous Doctors". "Zhu Fan Zhi" volume download: "Suhe sesame oil comes out of the country of food, and the smell is generally similar to the taste. It is thick and without residue. Fan people use it to smear the body. Fujian people suffer from strong winds. ointment, and for medical use.” [48]]
Judging from the records of Chinese historical materials during this period, the imported and imported overseas medicinal materials not only increased the types of Chinese pharmacology, but also promoted the progress and development of ancient Chinese medicine. Many medicinal materials imported from Arabia were included in the pharmacological works completed during this period. In the official pharmacopoeia and several popular special medicines, many of them are based on food medicines. For example, frankincense, in the treatment of surgical diseases, has the effect of relieving pain and promoting muscle; sandalwood, regulating qi and stomach; pepper, warming the middle, lowering the qi, clearing phlegm, and detoxifying; , Regulating Qi, hemostasis, calming pain, promoting water circulation; betel nut, killing insects, breaking accumulation, lowering qi, and promoting water; tortoiseshell, clearing phlegm, detoxifying, and calming. These drugs are widely used clinically, and many new prescriptions composed of imported drugs have appeared, such as frankincense myrrh pills, tortoiseshell pills, betel nut pills, sandalwood soup, pepper soup, etc. [[49]]
Because of the great similarity in climate between Arabia and China, these newly imported medicinal materials have gradually adapted to China's climate and hydrological environment and become new members of China's agricultural and sideline economic varieties. At the same time, these newly imported medicinal materials had a significant impact on the ancient Chinese society and economy. "Song History·Food and Goods" contains: "In addition to tea, salt and alum, the only incense is the profit of the Song Dynasty." [[50]] In his Economic History of the Song Dynasty, Mr. Qi Xia also spoke highly of the role of Arabian medicinal materials in the social economy of the Song Dynasty. He said: "The import of spices enriched the content of Chinese medicines, promoted the development of ancient Chinese medicine and health care, and also played a significant role in the fiscal revenue of the Song government."[51]
In a word, the introduction of Arab agricultural and medicinal materials in China during the Tang and Song dynasties was of great scientific and social significance. These new economic varieties have not only increased the types of agriculture, planting and medicinal materials in my country, but also enriched the material and cultural life of the people of all ethnic groups in China, and played an important role in promoting the development of ancient Chinese society and economy. It also created a strong material foundation for the Hui people to stay in China for a long time. These valuable experiences have a very important reference and enlightenment role for us to develop and utilize resources today, to give play to the exchanges between the ethnic group and the country, and to promote the economic progress and development of ethnic areas.
Medical Books Pre-Qin: "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" Shen Nong's "Emperor's Internal Classic"
Han Dynasty: Mawangdui Han Tomb medical book "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing Su Wen", Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", Zhang Zhongjing's "Golden Chamber Synopsis" ancient famous medical books
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Pre-Qin: "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" Shennong's "Emperor's Internal Classic"
Han Dynasty: Mawangdui Han Tomb medical book "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing Su Wen", Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", Zhang Zhongjing's "Golden Chamber Synopsis"
Tang Dynasty: Sun Simiao, "Qianjin Fang", Ming Dynasty: Wang Shuhe's "Maijing", Huangfu Mi's "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Jiayi Jing", Tao Hongjing's "Compendium of Materia Medica", Ge Hong's "Elbow Reserve Emergency Recipe", Chao Yuan Fang's "Origin and Syndrome of Various Diseases" "On", Su Jing's "Newly Revised Materia Medica", Wang Tao's "Waitai Secrets", Yuandan Gongbu's "Four Medical Canons", "Taiping Shenghui Fang", Wang Weiyi "Tongren Acupoint Acupuncture and Moxibustion Diagram" Northern Song Dynasty: Song Ci "A Collection of Wrongs"
Huihui's prescription, Hu Sihui's "Drinking in the Right Time", Xu Guozhen's "Recipe of Imperial Medicine", Liu Wansu's "Ask about Mysterious Diseases", Zhang Zihe's "Confucianism and Family", Zhu Danxi's "Gezhi Yu Lun", and Li Dongyuan's "Recipe". "The Spleen and Stomach", Li Shizhen and "Compendium of Materia Medica", Liu Wentai's "Compendium of Materia Medica", Wu Youke's "Warm Epidemic", Xu Chunfu's "Ancient and Modern Medical System Encyclopedia", Ye Tianshi's "Clinical Guide to Medical Records", Wu Jutong "Differentiation of Warm Diseases", Wang Mengying's "Warm and Heat Longitude and Weft", Xue Shengbai's "Differentiation of Damp Heat", Wang Qingren's "Yilin Correction", "Ancient and Modern Books Integrated Medical Department Complete Records", "Shengji Zonglu"
